Analysis of Application and Market Prospects of Power Monitoring Instruments in Smart Grid Users
Abstract: Power monitoring instrumentation is a new and subdivided industry in the electrical instrument industry. It belongs to the category of installed digital instruments and evolved from analog pointer instruments and power transmitters. With the development of computer technology, power monitoring instruments have been applied to all aspects of transmission, transmission, transformation, distribution, and use of power systems to achieve measurement, measurement, analysis, diagnosis, control, and protection of electrical parameters of the power grid, and to bring simulations. Quantity output and standard communication interface. In different application occasions, different combinations of functions can be simple, but it can be divided into three categories: monitoring and protection instruments, energy analysis and management instruments, and electrical safety instruments. In order to adapt to the structure and installation characteristics of the switch cabinet of the power supply and distribution system, the installation method is divided into two types: embedded type and rail type.
1. Main categories of power monitoring instrumentation 1.1 Monitoring and protection instrumentation Mainly controls and protects power parameter measurement, fault diagnosis, over-limit alarm, event recording, and operation of electrical equipment in the power grid. The product can be further subdivided into digital displays. Electrical measuring instruments, monitoring instruments, protection instruments.
1.1.1 Digital display meter Mainly replace the traditional pointer meter, measure various electrical parameters, have high measurement accuracy, intuitive display, and wide measurement range.
1.1.2 Monitoring Instrumentation In addition to measuring electrical parameters, the instrument has I/O modules, analog output, and relay control output with a standard RS485 interface. Through state monitoring of circuit breakers, contactors and other low-voltage components in electrical circuits, remote control, alarm, and event records are low-voltage electrical power controllers, which are key products for digital, network, and intelligent low-voltage power distribution systems. The application of the instrument can reduce human-induced accidents in the low-voltage distribution system, reduce labor costs, and increase work efficiency.
1.1.3 Protection The instrument mainly monitors and protects the electrical circuits such as the incoming line, feeder, motor, and capacitor of the 0.69KV voltage level. The meter establishes the thermal capacity model. When the fault current reaches a certain value, the circuit breaker trips or contacts. Disconnect the device to prevent overload damage. With overload protection, short circuit protection, overvoltage, undervoltage protection, leakage protection and other functions. This kind of product has both the monitoring function and the relay features. It needs to adopt CCC certification and is generally classified as relay protection and power automation industry.
1.2 Energy Analysis and Management Instrumentation According to the characteristics of power grid users and industrial buildings and building distribution systems, the use of transparent and controllable, high- and low-voltage switchgear, power box, lighting box and various electrical nodes of the key energy equipment monitoring Management is very necessary. The electric energy meter meter is not only installed in the various circuits of the switch cabinet and the distribution box, but also compatible with the power distribution system, and the traditional charging meter installed by the power company cannot be satisfied at the same time. There are mainly two types of energy analysis and management instruments, which are power quality analysis instruments and terminal energy metering instruments.
1.2.1 Power Quality Analysis Instrumentation This type of instrument is mainly used in high and medium voltage electrical circuits or low voltage critical circuits. Its functions include all-electric parameter measurement, four-quadrant energy metering, multi-rate billing, current and voltage. Harmonic components, voltage crest factor, current K factor, current, voltage imbalance, positive, negative, zero sequence components, etc.
1.2.2 Terminal energy metering and management instrument This type of meter is mainly used for 380V/220V distribution and power consumption terminal. It has functions of energy metering, including active and reactive energy, multi-rate billing, maximum demand statistics, the largest time The input current can reach 80A, saving the current transformer. DIN35mm rail mounting, width multiples of 18mm, can be easily installed in parallel with the miniature circuit breaker. Some manufacturers of terminal energy meter structures have designed anti-theft measures, such as "lead seal" structure, can apply for a manufacturing license for measuring instruments. Therefore, as long as the power supply department approves, it can also be used as a fee schedule.
1.3 Electrical safety The instrument is mainly used for detecting residual currents in low-voltage power distribution systems to prevent electrical fires and personal electric shocks. Products are mainly divided into digital display of residual current monitoring instruments, residual current electrical fire monitoring devices, IT distribution system insulation detectors and other types.
1.3.1 Digital residual current monitoring instrument Residual current is collected in the 0.4KV TN-C-S, TN-S and local TT systems through the residual current transformer. When a fault occurs, the value is calculated and displayed by the meter. At the time of setting, an alarm or trip order is issued to prevent the accident from happening or expanding. This kind of instrument can also be called digital display residual current relay, must obtain the CCC authentication, falls into the relay industry.
1.3.2 Residual current type electric fire monitoring instrument This product is in the 0.4KV voltage class TN-C-S, TN-S and local TT system to detect the residual current, there are cable temperature monitoring, three-phase current, voltage measurement, multi-channel Relay output, support for firefighting linkage and other functions. Because the product is used for electrical fire monitoring, it must be type tested in the Ministry of Health (Shenyang) fire protection research before it can be sold.
1.3.3 IT Distribution System Insulation monitoring instruments are used in IT distribution systems in medical surgery rooms, ICU wards and other important occasions to monitor the insulation resistance of the transformer secondary circuit to ground and prevent the patient from micro-current shocks.
2. The user terminals of the power monitoring instrument and the user-side intelligent power distribution system are the “matching and using†links of the power system. They are the end of the power consumption of the smart grid, and mainly include users of industrial and mining enterprises, construction buildings, and infrastructure. More than 80% of the electricity in the grid is consumed by the user. The establishment of a user-side intelligent power distribution system can enable networked and intelligent power transmission, distribution, control, protection and management between the power transformer and the power equipment. The use of electricity is more reliable, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly. As the secondary component of the switchgear in the power distribution system, the smart power meter plays the role of measuring and monitoring electrical parameters, measuring and managing electrical energy, diagnosing and recording electrical faults, and controlling and protecting equipment operations.
The intelligent power distribution system connects many control devices and meters with communication interfaces to computers, and realizes intelligent management such as centralized data collection, processing, monitoring, analysis, and scheduling.
The system generally adopts a three-tier network distribution structure, namely station management layer, network communication layer, and field device layer, as shown in FIG.
The station control layer consists of system software and hardware devices such as industrial computers, printers, and UPS power supplies. The communication layer consists of servers, communication gateways, and human-machine interfaces. The field device layer consists of protection devices, electrical switches and control devices, and power monitoring instruments. The instrument not only shoulders the heavy responsibility of collecting data, but also is one of the terminal components that execute background control commands.
Power monitoring instruments are used as secondary components of circuit breakers and are not configured in the same way in different applications. See Figure 2.
(1) Configuration of circuit breakers and monitoring instruments can measure various electrical parameters, analyze harmonics, and measure electrical energy. Through the I/O module, the circuit breaker can be divided and alarmed, and the breaker can be controlled to open and close. Can greatly reduce electrical failures.
(2) Circuit breaker and protection instrument (motor controller) configuration, plus contactor, there are measured electrical parameters and overload protection, unbalance protection, stall protection and other functions. Ensure the normal operation of the motor and increase production efficiency.
(3) Configuration of circuit breaker and safety instrument (residual current fire monitoring instrument) can monitor the leakage current of the circuit. If the set value is reached, an alarm output will be provided. After confirmation by the Fire Services Department, the circuit breaker can be tripped by an instruction to prevent an electrical fire accident caused by a short circuit.
(4) The configuration of circuit breakers and power management instruments can be used to measure the energy of each item, and statistics can be used for air conditioning, power, lighting, and special power consumption statistics to facilitate the analysis of high-consumption causes and put forward measures for reducing consumption.
Of course, with the above configuration requirements, a single meter can also be used to achieve the functions of power monitoring, power management, and electrical safety, thereby reducing the number of meters, facilitating user selection, and saving investment.
3. Market Prospect Analysis As an emerging industry, the power monitoring instrument has its market prospects related to the following factors: (1) the intelligent demand of the power distribution system at the user end and the promotion of the smart grid; (2) energy saving for industrial and mining enterprises and construction buildings Row; (3) new energy, new industry development needs; and so on.
3.1 The intelligent demand of the power distribution system at the customer end and the promotion of the smart grid At present, the distribution and transmission of high-end users, such as telecommunications, banking, petrochemical, and other large users, are becoming informatized and intelligent. With the advancement of smart grids, electricity production, transmission and use will communicate with each other, and smart power meters will be the information “sensors†of various power grid links, enabling the information of electrical appliances under the smart grid to “connect with each other.†Therefore, the power monitoring instrument will also gradually expand with the general level of customer-side power distribution intelligence.
3.2 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Industrial and Mining Enterprises and Construction Buildings The ministries and commissions of the State Council and local governments have promoted and implemented energy saving and emission reduction as one of the key tasks. It is required that high-energy-consuming enterprises adopt energy-reduction technologies and measures and improve energy efficiency by establishing an energy management system. To this end, industrial and mining enterprises implement contract energy management, government agencies and large-scale public buildings implement energy consumption monitoring (see Jianke [2008] No. 114), and electric energy is the main energy source. Large-scale consumer energy users should establish an energy metering system. . Therefore, smart power meters for internal management of enterprises will increase with the promotion of energy-saving policies.
3.3 The development needs of new energy and new industries With the development of society, the demand for new energy such as nuclear power, hydropower, light energy and wind energy is gradually expanding to reduce the dependence on non-renewable energy. The development of new energy also brings development opportunities to power meters. Taking a photovoltaic power plant as an example, a multi-channel DC detection device such as a confluence box, a DC multi-function meter, a harmonic meter, and the like are required. A 10MW photovoltaic power station installed various types of power monitoring instruments in about 1200 units.
With the progress of society, the protection of human life and safety is also becoming more and more important. In order to use electricity safely, the state has issued a number of design specifications, such as JGJ16-2008 "Design Code for Civil Buildings", GB50016-2006 "Building Design Code for Fire Protection" "And so on, the provisions of the theater, shopping malls, exhibition halls, hospitals, telecommunications buildings, broadcasting stations, high-rise buildings and other personnel-intensive or important places to install residual current type fire monitoring devices to prevent leakage caused by fire. In addition, GB50333-2002 “Hospital Clean Surgery Department Building Design Specification†stipulates that when the clean operation department at the county level or above hospital uses the IT power distribution system to supply power, it must install insulation monitoring instruments to ensure the safety of the patient's life. The current market is basically made up of Germany. Bendell’s monopoly, despite the requirement for retrofitting of specifications, cannot be popularized due to its high price. However, with the launch of domestic products, breaking the monopoly, falling prices, and the spread of medical and health, the market will further expand. Therefore, power meters have great demand in new energy and new industries.
4. Main problems Because the power meter is mainly used in the customer-side power distribution system, both the customer and the industry are relatively dispersed, and the main problems affecting its development are the product standards and quality issues.
4.1 Standard issues If the power meter is used for measuring electrical parameters, the product shall comply with GB/T 22264-2008 "Installed digital display electrical measuring instrument" standard, if used for the control and protection of low-voltage motors, it shall comply with JB/T10736- 2007 "Low-voltage motor protector" standard, and take CCC certification; if used for leakage current relay, it should be consistent with GB/T22387-2008 "residual current operation relay"; if used as electrical fire detectors, it should meet GB14287. 2-2005 "residual current electrical fire monitoring detector"; of course, users sometimes need a number of functional combinations of products, so manufacturers need to have a wealth of application experience and industry expertise in the user-side power distribution in order to meet different users The requirements of the distribution system, therefore, the current product standards can not meet the design, production, acceptance requirements, have a certain impact on the development of power meters.
4.2 Quality Issues Despite the bright market prospects, due to customer fragmentation, industry requirements are not the same, there is also the customer's immediate needs for innovation, software and hardware should be modified immediately. Therefore, the order presents a "small batch, multi-variety" model, which is not conducive to large-scale production. The newly revised version, without being tested for a long time, often has quality problems. Now there are many power meter manufacturers, and the scale is small, the fish is mixed, and most of the manual production operations, the quality is difficult to guarantee. However, after 3-5 years of market baptism, customers recognize some outstanding brands, concentrate the market, expand the scale of manufacturers, rely on equipment guarantees for production and testing, and provide scientific guidance and advancement for the government and industry, and the power meter industry will be healthy. development of.
1. Main categories of power monitoring instrumentation 1.1 Monitoring and protection instrumentation Mainly controls and protects power parameter measurement, fault diagnosis, over-limit alarm, event recording, and operation of electrical equipment in the power grid. The product can be further subdivided into digital displays. Electrical measuring instruments, monitoring instruments, protection instruments.
1.1.1 Digital display meter Mainly replace the traditional pointer meter, measure various electrical parameters, have high measurement accuracy, intuitive display, and wide measurement range.
1.1.2 Monitoring Instrumentation In addition to measuring electrical parameters, the instrument has I/O modules, analog output, and relay control output with a standard RS485 interface. Through state monitoring of circuit breakers, contactors and other low-voltage components in electrical circuits, remote control, alarm, and event records are low-voltage electrical power controllers, which are key products for digital, network, and intelligent low-voltage power distribution systems. The application of the instrument can reduce human-induced accidents in the low-voltage distribution system, reduce labor costs, and increase work efficiency.
1.1.3 Protection The instrument mainly monitors and protects the electrical circuits such as the incoming line, feeder, motor, and capacitor of the 0.69KV voltage level. The meter establishes the thermal capacity model. When the fault current reaches a certain value, the circuit breaker trips or contacts. Disconnect the device to prevent overload damage. With overload protection, short circuit protection, overvoltage, undervoltage protection, leakage protection and other functions. This kind of product has both the monitoring function and the relay features. It needs to adopt CCC certification and is generally classified as relay protection and power automation industry.
1.2 Energy Analysis and Management Instrumentation According to the characteristics of power grid users and industrial buildings and building distribution systems, the use of transparent and controllable, high- and low-voltage switchgear, power box, lighting box and various electrical nodes of the key energy equipment monitoring Management is very necessary. The electric energy meter meter is not only installed in the various circuits of the switch cabinet and the distribution box, but also compatible with the power distribution system, and the traditional charging meter installed by the power company cannot be satisfied at the same time. There are mainly two types of energy analysis and management instruments, which are power quality analysis instruments and terminal energy metering instruments.
1.2.1 Power Quality Analysis Instrumentation This type of instrument is mainly used in high and medium voltage electrical circuits or low voltage critical circuits. Its functions include all-electric parameter measurement, four-quadrant energy metering, multi-rate billing, current and voltage. Harmonic components, voltage crest factor, current K factor, current, voltage imbalance, positive, negative, zero sequence components, etc.
1.2.2 Terminal energy metering and management instrument This type of meter is mainly used for 380V/220V distribution and power consumption terminal. It has functions of energy metering, including active and reactive energy, multi-rate billing, maximum demand statistics, the largest time The input current can reach 80A, saving the current transformer. DIN35mm rail mounting, width multiples of 18mm, can be easily installed in parallel with the miniature circuit breaker. Some manufacturers of terminal energy meter structures have designed anti-theft measures, such as "lead seal" structure, can apply for a manufacturing license for measuring instruments. Therefore, as long as the power supply department approves, it can also be used as a fee schedule.
1.3 Electrical safety The instrument is mainly used for detecting residual currents in low-voltage power distribution systems to prevent electrical fires and personal electric shocks. Products are mainly divided into digital display of residual current monitoring instruments, residual current electrical fire monitoring devices, IT distribution system insulation detectors and other types.
1.3.1 Digital residual current monitoring instrument Residual current is collected in the 0.4KV TN-C-S, TN-S and local TT systems through the residual current transformer. When a fault occurs, the value is calculated and displayed by the meter. At the time of setting, an alarm or trip order is issued to prevent the accident from happening or expanding. This kind of instrument can also be called digital display residual current relay, must obtain the CCC authentication, falls into the relay industry.
1.3.2 Residual current type electric fire monitoring instrument This product is in the 0.4KV voltage class TN-C-S, TN-S and local TT system to detect the residual current, there are cable temperature monitoring, three-phase current, voltage measurement, multi-channel Relay output, support for firefighting linkage and other functions. Because the product is used for electrical fire monitoring, it must be type tested in the Ministry of Health (Shenyang) fire protection research before it can be sold.
1.3.3 IT Distribution System Insulation monitoring instruments are used in IT distribution systems in medical surgery rooms, ICU wards and other important occasions to monitor the insulation resistance of the transformer secondary circuit to ground and prevent the patient from micro-current shocks.
2. The user terminals of the power monitoring instrument and the user-side intelligent power distribution system are the “matching and using†links of the power system. They are the end of the power consumption of the smart grid, and mainly include users of industrial and mining enterprises, construction buildings, and infrastructure. More than 80% of the electricity in the grid is consumed by the user. The establishment of a user-side intelligent power distribution system can enable networked and intelligent power transmission, distribution, control, protection and management between the power transformer and the power equipment. The use of electricity is more reliable, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly. As the secondary component of the switchgear in the power distribution system, the smart power meter plays the role of measuring and monitoring electrical parameters, measuring and managing electrical energy, diagnosing and recording electrical faults, and controlling and protecting equipment operations.
The intelligent power distribution system connects many control devices and meters with communication interfaces to computers, and realizes intelligent management such as centralized data collection, processing, monitoring, analysis, and scheduling.
The system generally adopts a three-tier network distribution structure, namely station management layer, network communication layer, and field device layer, as shown in FIG.
The station control layer consists of system software and hardware devices such as industrial computers, printers, and UPS power supplies. The communication layer consists of servers, communication gateways, and human-machine interfaces. The field device layer consists of protection devices, electrical switches and control devices, and power monitoring instruments. The instrument not only shoulders the heavy responsibility of collecting data, but also is one of the terminal components that execute background control commands.
Power monitoring instruments are used as secondary components of circuit breakers and are not configured in the same way in different applications. See Figure 2.
Figure 2 Circuit Breaker and Power Meter Configuration Applications
(1) Configuration of circuit breakers and monitoring instruments can measure various electrical parameters, analyze harmonics, and measure electrical energy. Through the I/O module, the circuit breaker can be divided and alarmed, and the breaker can be controlled to open and close. Can greatly reduce electrical failures.
(2) Circuit breaker and protection instrument (motor controller) configuration, plus contactor, there are measured electrical parameters and overload protection, unbalance protection, stall protection and other functions. Ensure the normal operation of the motor and increase production efficiency.
(3) Configuration of circuit breaker and safety instrument (residual current fire monitoring instrument) can monitor the leakage current of the circuit. If the set value is reached, an alarm output will be provided. After confirmation by the Fire Services Department, the circuit breaker can be tripped by an instruction to prevent an electrical fire accident caused by a short circuit.
(4) The configuration of circuit breakers and power management instruments can be used to measure the energy of each item, and statistics can be used for air conditioning, power, lighting, and special power consumption statistics to facilitate the analysis of high-consumption causes and put forward measures for reducing consumption.
Of course, with the above configuration requirements, a single meter can also be used to achieve the functions of power monitoring, power management, and electrical safety, thereby reducing the number of meters, facilitating user selection, and saving investment.
3. Market Prospect Analysis As an emerging industry, the power monitoring instrument has its market prospects related to the following factors: (1) the intelligent demand of the power distribution system at the user end and the promotion of the smart grid; (2) energy saving for industrial and mining enterprises and construction buildings Row; (3) new energy, new industry development needs; and so on.
3.1 The intelligent demand of the power distribution system at the customer end and the promotion of the smart grid At present, the distribution and transmission of high-end users, such as telecommunications, banking, petrochemical, and other large users, are becoming informatized and intelligent. With the advancement of smart grids, electricity production, transmission and use will communicate with each other, and smart power meters will be the information “sensors†of various power grid links, enabling the information of electrical appliances under the smart grid to “connect with each other.†Therefore, the power monitoring instrument will also gradually expand with the general level of customer-side power distribution intelligence.
3.2 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Industrial and Mining Enterprises and Construction Buildings The ministries and commissions of the State Council and local governments have promoted and implemented energy saving and emission reduction as one of the key tasks. It is required that high-energy-consuming enterprises adopt energy-reduction technologies and measures and improve energy efficiency by establishing an energy management system. To this end, industrial and mining enterprises implement contract energy management, government agencies and large-scale public buildings implement energy consumption monitoring (see Jianke [2008] No. 114), and electric energy is the main energy source. Large-scale consumer energy users should establish an energy metering system. . Therefore, smart power meters for internal management of enterprises will increase with the promotion of energy-saving policies.
3.3 The development needs of new energy and new industries With the development of society, the demand for new energy such as nuclear power, hydropower, light energy and wind energy is gradually expanding to reduce the dependence on non-renewable energy. The development of new energy also brings development opportunities to power meters. Taking a photovoltaic power plant as an example, a multi-channel DC detection device such as a confluence box, a DC multi-function meter, a harmonic meter, and the like are required. A 10MW photovoltaic power station installed various types of power monitoring instruments in about 1200 units.
With the progress of society, the protection of human life and safety is also becoming more and more important. In order to use electricity safely, the state has issued a number of design specifications, such as JGJ16-2008 "Design Code for Civil Buildings", GB50016-2006 "Building Design Code for Fire Protection" "And so on, the provisions of the theater, shopping malls, exhibition halls, hospitals, telecommunications buildings, broadcasting stations, high-rise buildings and other personnel-intensive or important places to install residual current type fire monitoring devices to prevent leakage caused by fire. In addition, GB50333-2002 “Hospital Clean Surgery Department Building Design Specification†stipulates that when the clean operation department at the county level or above hospital uses the IT power distribution system to supply power, it must install insulation monitoring instruments to ensure the safety of the patient's life. The current market is basically made up of Germany. Bendell’s monopoly, despite the requirement for retrofitting of specifications, cannot be popularized due to its high price. However, with the launch of domestic products, breaking the monopoly, falling prices, and the spread of medical and health, the market will further expand. Therefore, power meters have great demand in new energy and new industries.
4. Main problems Because the power meter is mainly used in the customer-side power distribution system, both the customer and the industry are relatively dispersed, and the main problems affecting its development are the product standards and quality issues.
4.1 Standard issues If the power meter is used for measuring electrical parameters, the product shall comply with GB/T 22264-2008 "Installed digital display electrical measuring instrument" standard, if used for the control and protection of low-voltage motors, it shall comply with JB/T10736- 2007 "Low-voltage motor protector" standard, and take CCC certification; if used for leakage current relay, it should be consistent with GB/T22387-2008 "residual current operation relay"; if used as electrical fire detectors, it should meet GB14287. 2-2005 "residual current electrical fire monitoring detector"; of course, users sometimes need a number of functional combinations of products, so manufacturers need to have a wealth of application experience and industry expertise in the user-side power distribution in order to meet different users The requirements of the distribution system, therefore, the current product standards can not meet the design, production, acceptance requirements, have a certain impact on the development of power meters.
4.2 Quality Issues Despite the bright market prospects, due to customer fragmentation, industry requirements are not the same, there is also the customer's immediate needs for innovation, software and hardware should be modified immediately. Therefore, the order presents a "small batch, multi-variety" model, which is not conducive to large-scale production. The newly revised version, without being tested for a long time, often has quality problems. Now there are many power meter manufacturers, and the scale is small, the fish is mixed, and most of the manual production operations, the quality is difficult to guarantee. However, after 3-5 years of market baptism, customers recognize some outstanding brands, concentrate the market, expand the scale of manufacturers, rely on equipment guarantees for production and testing, and provide scientific guidance and advancement for the government and industry, and the power meter industry will be healthy. development of.
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