In recent years, with the further development of the seed market, the production and business units of seeds have been increasing year by year, and the power of the seed management departments has been limited. As a result, there has been a new phenomenon of “multiple, miscellaneous, chaotic,†which means that there are many seed production units and they are disorderly Into the wind, seed business units miscellaneous. In response to the emergence of this phenomenon, seed management departments at all levels should further strengthen their management work and rationally use scientific inspection instruments such as grain analyzers and seed clarity instruments to do a good job of detecting seeds.
1 Establish a professional seed production base
Village cadres and the masses should be selected as seed production bases for villages with high enthusiasm for seed production, strong technical strength, moderately high land fertility, drought and flood protection, and the ability to concentrate and produce seed. This will facilitate the implementation of the seed production technology program, which will help strengthen seed management and help improve seed quality and yield. In the base village committee, a seed production and leadership group mainly composed of village chiefs was established to supervise the implementation and implementation of technical operating procedures.
2 Enhanced seed production techniques to improve hybrid seed quality
The task of the seed production base is to provide a sufficient number of high quality hybrid generation seeds. The quality of hybrid seeds is limited by a series of anti-paste technology measures and other factors. In the entire hybrid seed production process, it is necessary to achieve safe isolation, specifications sowing, thorough removal of miscellaneous, timely emasculation and timely harvest.
The production practice has proved that using the same purity of the parental inbred lines, due to the different standardization of seed production techniques, there are significant differences in the quality of hybrid seed and the effect of increasing production.
2.1 Planting safety isolation.
Separating security from seed fields is a major issue that directly affects the quality of seeds. The selection of isolation zones depends on the specific terrain, topography, wind direction, and annual wind force of the seed production professional base. In the central region of Shanxi Province, distance isolation and barrier isolation are generally adopted, and time and high-stalk isolation are not suitable.
2.2 Specification of parental ratios.
In order to ensure that the parent line has enough pollen to meet the need for parental pollination, increasing the parent line as much as possible is one of the important measures to increase hybrid seed production. The parent and mother line ratios should be based on the plant type of the father and the female parent, the number of paternal branches, the pollen amount, the pollen viability and the length of flowering, and the weather conditions.
2.3 Adjustment of the sowing date. It is the key to the success or failure of hybrid seed production whether the parent or maternal flowering period of the seed production area meets.
The sign of parental and maternal flowering meets is that the maternal and female hairs are 2 to 3 days earlier than the male parent ear powder. If the father and the mother are coordinated at the flowering stage to achieve a good hybrid fruiting effect, they can be sown at the same time without adjusting the sowing date. If the maternal blossoms are too early or late than the parent, the sowing date must be adjusted. In the event of wrong-time sowing, it is necessary to broadcast the parent that flowers later, and broadcast another parent every other day. The number of days of sowing in the wrong period varies depending on the parental growth period of the hybrid combination, weather conditions during the sowing season, and soil conditions. For newly introduced hybrids, it is necessary to understand and master the parents' growth and development process and flowering habits in advance in order to produce large-area seeds. Otherwise, the hybrid seed production will fail due to poor parental or maternal flowering periods or improper mis-times.
2.4 go to miscellaneous and inferior.
The miscellaneous and inferior planting areas directly affect the seed quality and yield-increasing effects of hybrid seed production. De-mixing is generally performed three times at the seedling stage, before heading, and after harvesting.
2.5 The mother is emasculated.
The mother of the maize hybrid seed production area is emasculated so that it accepts pollen from the parent line and produces hybrid seeds, which is a key measure for hybrid seed production. Maternal deterrence requires promptness, thoroughness, and cleanliness. Timely means that the tassels are pulled out in time with the leaves immediately after the maternity spike has been extracted. Thoroughly refers to the removal of the mother's tassel, including the tassels of weak plants. Cleanliness means that every mother and tassel is pulled out completely, leaving no branches, broken branches and spikes, and small flowers. If the detasseling quality does not meet the above requirements, “hybrid seeds†will be mixed in the prepared hybrid seeds; if the seeds are single-crossed, the female inbred lines will be mixed in the seeds of the single generation, which will inevitably vary in degree. Reduce the yield increase of hybrids. Advanced emasculation, that is, revival of the emasculation technique in many places in recent years. When the maternal tassel is about to be drawn out, touch the tassel with your hands and take a two-leaf emasculation. This kind of emasculation techniques that can not be seen in males can not meet the female and male parent and reduce the chance of female parental self-pollination, which is extremely beneficial to ensure the purity of hybrids. Grasp the timing of emasculation, once with emasculation can generally unplug 50% ~ 70% of the female tassel, can reduce the frequency of castration, save time and labor.
2.5 timely harvest.
Maize seeds have higher fat content in their embryos, seeds are more hygroscopic and dehydrated more slowly. Therefore, when the ear of the mother of the breeding field reaches the ripening stage, the yellow leaves of the ear become yellow, the grain becomes hard, the black layer appears at the bottom of the grain, and the inherent color of the original inbred line appears, which is an appropriate harvest period.
3 Strict implementation of inspection standards is to improve the quality of hybrids
The seed quality inspection standard is the sole basis for measuring the quality of seeds, and is the theoretical basis for the scientific judgment of seed quality. To this end, seed quality inspection personnel must be hard-working, impartial, and responsible.
3.1 Detailed survey of the base
The investigation of the basic conditions of the seed field and the factors influencing the seed production, such as the source of the seed, the previous crop, the isolation conditions, the cultivation and management, the growth status, and the pollution sources, were all investigated.
3.2 Standardized sampling
The sampling plan was based on the characteristics of the parental plants and the seed base conditions.
3.3 Field purity assessment
The main characteristics of the parental line were examined to identify the consistency of the characteristics of the parent line under test, and field purity was assessed based on the main traits.
3.4 Result Calculation and Analysis
The results of surveys in various plots were collected and the percentages of hybrids (spines), different crops, weeds, pests and diseases, female loose powdered plants, and parent (female) loose powdered hybrids were calculated. According to the requirements of the purity standards of the varieties or the number of strains (ears) per unit area, whether to adopt the elimination value is determined.
3.5 Inspection Report
The report includes basic information, inspection results and inspection opinions. The inspector shall, based on the inspection results, suggest that the seed field to be inspected meets the requirements if the isolation conditions and purity of the species meet the requirements. Otherwise, it is recommended that the seed field be eliminated.
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